0.5 mg/L

Design hypochlorite dosing set point per line

8.4 h

Maximum water age at high demand

96 → 36 h

Water age at the governing reservoir after mitigation

0.07 → 0.21 mg/L

Chlorine residual restored above the minimum

The challenge

Low demand, long mains

Two pump groups feed transmission Lines 7A and 7B, which supply interconnections and a remote reservoir. At low demand, water slows in the long mains, so chlorine decays before it reaches the far end. The study had to confirm that residual chlorine stays at or above 0.2 mg/L at every delivery point.

Water age along transmission lines
Water age along Lines 7A and 7B at low demand

Our approach

Water quality modelling

  1. Hydraulic conditions taken from the approved steady-state model of the station and both mains
  2. Incoming water conservatively assumed to carry no chlorine residual
  3. Sodium hypochlorite dosing at 0.5 mg/L applied separately to Lines 7A and 7B
  4. High-demand and low-demand / high-decay scenarios simulated as extended-period runs
  5. Governing locations for maximum water age and minimum residual identified
  6. Mitigation options tested for the non-compliant case
Chlorine residual along transmission lines
Chlorine residual along the transmission system

Results

Key results

Key findings

  • High demand: maximum water age is about 8.4 h, and residual chlorine stays above the criterion throughout.
  • Low demand: the remote reservoir inlet governs. Water age reaches about 96 h and residual drops to 0.07 mg/L, below the minimum.
  • Mitigation: keeping a minimum flow of about 2 MIGD to that reservoir cuts water age to about 36 h and lifts residual to 0.21 mg/L, which is compliant.
  • Dosing can be optimised in operation against measured residuals, provided 0.2 mg/L is maintained.

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